Asian Americans And African Americans - 994 Words

By the time of a century ago, Asian America has been considered lazy and stupid. So â€Å"model minority† were described Asian Americans as a hard-working, Well-educated, successfully minority race. But otherwise it’s not the truly idea to believe in positive model minority because sometimes it’s also negative. It’s happened to most of Asian Americans and they realized that, at the start point it’s been 100 percent positive, but when you go along, then it will turn to be negative and sometime it’s hurting you. Even know that the result of the American based on an untruth of a model minority, the truth is telling a different story. Consequently Asian Americans are twice as likely to be poor as non-Hispanic whites. They also have an incapacity of reading and writing rate that is five times over those non-Hispanic. So that, how could they say that Asian Americans are hard-working, Well-educated, successfully minority race by looking at this situation. It’s a stereotyping that hurting people by looking down on the background, but exactly they don’t. However, the half-truth of the model minority has not entirely gone off the mark. By the estimate of the bureau data â€Å"Facts for Features: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2014†, there is some truth of thinking that American is better educated and more successful. For example, The percentage of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders alone age 25-and-older who had at least a high school diploma in 2012. ThisShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And Asian Americans1878 Words   |  8 PagesThough Asians make up the largest portion of the world’s population, Asian-Americans are one of the least represented minority groups within the United States. Out of an estimated 318 million people living in the U.S., Asians account for 5.2%, or approximately 17 million people. Compared to Hispanics at 54 million and African-Americans at 42 million, Asians and/or Asian-Americans are vastly outnumbered by the two other major minority groups and even more so by the major ity, European-Americans. EvenRead MoreAfrican Americans And Asian Americans1421 Words   |  6 Pagesused most often to describe Asian Americans, group seen as having attained economic and education success at significantly higher rates than that of other minority groups. Although first coined by sociologist William Petersen in 1966, the term â€Å"model minority† was not popularized and nationalized as a reference to Asian Americans through radio and television outlets, and even some academics until the mid-1970s. The term was meant to convey a stereotype that Asian Americans were becoming economicallyRead MoreAfrican American And Asian American Women2189 Words   |  9 Pagesexperiences of African-American and Asian-American women mirrored each other’s in many ways, seen through the filters of their varied experiences during different time periods in the last hundred years. While at this point, freed African-American women had been on American soil for a hundred years’ plus prior to that, Asian-American immigrants were just beginning to move into the United States, looking for an improved quality of life and the opportunity to make their fortune. African-American familiesRead MoreCase Presentation Of Old African American And Asian Transgender Female790 Words   |  4 PagesCase Presentation Hue is a fourteen year old African-American and Asian transgender female to male, self-referred to the agency for depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideations on transgender suicide in the media. Hue is a 9th grader in high school, and he describes satisfactory academic progress. He lives with his mother, and visits his father in the summer in Michigan. Hue reports three friends he is close with and one being his best friend for eight years. Hue’s mother does not approve of hisRead MoreCompare and Contrast African American, Native American, Latino, and Asian American, and Caucasian Parenting. What Are the Primary Differences in Parenting Practice?736 Words   |  3 PagesStates has always been considered a melting pot and because of all the cultural diversity there exist many different beliefs and values about raising our children. The three major ethnic groups in the United States today are African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. This is followed by the three diff erent parenting styles that many parents go by when raising their children. The Authoritarian style show very little emotion but give their children a lot of direction in life, they are viewedRead MoreThe Literature Emerging From The African, Latin American, Caribbean And Asian Countries1985 Words   |  8 Pages Seema Sharma Mr.Pratap Chandra Behra Submitted by-Raman M.A (Final YEAR) DATE OF SUBMISSION-20 OCT 2014 Introduction about the article The literature emerging from the African, Latin American, Caribbean and Asian countries that have adopted structural adjustment programmes throws light on the multidimensional of effects at the households’ level. This article captures significant areas from the literature around. (a) Women’s work, povertyRead MoreThe Literature Emerging From The African, Latin American, Caribbean And Asian Countries1985 Words   |  8 Pages Seema Sharma Mr.Pratap Chandra Behra Submitted by-Raman M.A (Final YEAR) DATE OF SUBMISSION-20 OCT 2014 Introduction about the article The literature emerging from the African, Latin American, Caribbean and Asian countries that have adopted structural adjustment programmes throws light on the multidimensional of effects at the households’ level. This article captures significant areas from the literature around. (a) Women’s work, povertyRead MoreThe United States Is A Multicultural Country957 Words   |  4 PagesFor instance, the large groups faced racism such as native Americans (Indians), African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans; the small groups such as Arab American, Jews, and Gypsies. Thus, I think Americans are becoming less equal. First of all, the African-Americans are an important race in the United States. It had 34,658,190 blacks (12.3 percent of the total U.S. population), according to the 2000 census (â€Å"African-Americans†, 2015, 1p. 1). The black people’s characteristic is intenselyRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States888 Words   |  4 Pageson the adequate response to black rebellions. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and President Johnson proposed two different policies to resolve black poverty. Moynihan’s reason as to why black poverty exists is due to the pathology of African Americans. He believes African Americans shouldn’t demand for Affirmative Action. Moynihan’s reason ties into Goldfield’s theories of impoverishment for poverty as pathology. Poverty as pathology states how people are poor because of how they poor because they lack moralsRead MoreAfrican American Studies : The Matrix Of American Ethnic Studies972 Words   |  4 Pageschange. Using Color-Line To Borderlands: The Matrix of American Ethnic Studies, I will focus on the following Ethnic Studies and their goals: African American Studies, Women’s Studies, Chicano/a Studies, Native American Studies, and Asian American Studies, and Queer Studies. African American studies, which can be seen as the first Ethnic Studies to be introduced in Academia has several values that they want to embody. Originally, African American studies was a grassroots student-led response to institutional

Music And Cartoons Of The Vietnam War - 1710 Words

Ajax Diamandis Ms. Harris AP US History June 8, 2015 Art as History: Music and Cartoons of the Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was the longest war the United States has ever fought in and also the most controversial. Many Americans protested against sending their children across seas to fight in a war that did not involve the United States. Millions asked for a return to isolationism such as the 1920s. Meanwhile many protests went viral as the National Guard interfered, killing four at Kent State University in 1970. Acts such as these convinced the American Citizens that the government was not to be trusted as anti-war enthusiasts took the advantage to further demonstrate against the government. Issues such as the My Lai massacre also promoted people in the United States to speak out against what they were doing in Vietnam. All forms of culture were changed by the issues in Vietnam. Two of the most convincing cultures that formed at the time were cartoons and music. Music and Cartoons throughout the Vietnam War era reflect the issues brought forth by the war as rock and roll became more popular after massacres such as My Lai, cartoons became increasingly more graphic as anti-Vietnam fighters pushed for an end to the war, and social views of college students were forever changed, they were from then on considered hippies to music which went against the government. Bob Dylan’s â€Å"Masters of War† emphasized the people’s anti-war view of the Vietnam War. Dylan’sShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam Era Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Vietnam Era HUMN-303N: Introduction to Humanities Professor Stacey Donald DeVry University During the decades prior to the eighties the two most important issues the U.S. was facing were the war in Vietnam and civil rights. This era changed the way the public was able view the events, there was television and photography which allowed the world to see for the first time what war was about and journalism was not always unbiased. This era was an era of advancementRead MoreA Quick View at the Twnetieth Century United States up to the Vietnam War1604 Words   |  6 Pagesprint established political awareness for adults, yet captured the attention of youth. Political cartoons impose variations of opinion by showcasing another nation inadequacies in war, subjecting other countries to blame for World War II. In the political cartoons entitled: Daddy, What Did You Do in the Great War, a little blonde girl and her brother seem to be having family time with their father. The cartoon is illustrated to capture a brief pause between the daughter’s question and the fatherâ€℠¢s responseRead MoreThe Role of the Vietnam War on the 1960s1807 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War played a huge role in the 1960’s, over 50,000 people were killed, and the war began from a dispute from two colonies. Vietnam came apart along with Korea by an agreement of the north and the south. When John F Kennedy became president there were problems between Soviet Union and the United States. Cold war was getting worse and worse; President Eisenhower had to resolve the issues with berlin and Dictator Fidel Castro. These conflicts would eventually lead to a cordial resolutionRead MoreEssay about Anti-War Movement in the United States697 Words   |  3 PagesAnti-War Movement in the United States During the late 60s and early 70s, anti-war movement was steadily progressing in the United States. The peace movement was directed to stop all forms of war. As the sixties wore on many anti-war groups began to form in the United States to protest for peace. These included the Black Panthers, the SDS, Woodstock, music and flower power, and the Hippy Movement. The anti-war movement attracted people from college campuses, middle classRead MoreBeloved Poet, Shel Silverstein680 Words   |  3 Pages Sheldon Allan Silverstein was not always the literature icon he quickly became in the mid 20th century. Born on September 25, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois during the Great Depression. He was not a very sociable child. His hobbies included drawing cartoons and writing. As a result, his professional drawing and writing career began with cartooning and writing for Playboy Magazine, in 1952. He was also not popular with girls during his teenage year, which motivated him to write more mature poetry inRead MoreHeroes And Superheroes : Movie, Batman, Superman, And Gi Joe Essay912 Words   |  4 Pages Superheroes play a huge roles in our lives. You can’t go nowhere without hearing, or seeing them. We first seen these heroes in comics, they have been around for a long time, and still going. They’re in our comic/mangas, movies, T.V, even in our music. â€Å"We are surely drawn to heroes and superheroes because they illuminate the human condition- and they do so precisely because they operate at a slightly inhuman level. Heroes are like us, but more so: stronger, cleverer, and faster. They suffer fromRead MoreEssay about Jimi Hendrix1489 Words   |  6 Pagesparents wouldnt pay the extra money because they were extremely poor. As a teenager, young Jimi listened to typical fifties music such as Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Elvis Presely and even a little Eddie Cochrane. He played in a few bands in high school, but then dropped out before his senior year. Jimi really never really imagined that he had enough talent to go into the music industry, actually he thought he had no talent whatsoever and had a terrible voice. Jimi had then decided to apply for a realRead MoreA Brief Look at The Beatles1861 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequent radio play it was not long until the track â€Å"I Want to Hold Your Hand† sold a million copies in the United States. The band traveled to the States for a series of performances and interviews which is still known as the British Invasion. Their music was much tamer and less sexually driven than those of other bands of the time making their brand much more consumer friendly. The group looked the boys next door with a unique, humble charm. Their teenaged love stories appealed to the young whileRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1557 Words   |  7 PagesChinese Culture According to Zimmermann (2015), Culture is the distinctive features and knowledge of a specific group of people, outlined by everything from cuisine, social habits, language, religion, arts, and music. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition takes it a step further, defining culture as mutual patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by. In this manner, culture can be seen as the growth of a group individualityRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1554 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Zimmermann (2015), Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts. The Center for Advance Research on Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding th at are learned by socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique

Can listening to favorite music heal free essay sample

Now, depending on the genre youre listening to at that point in time, youre smiling and happy. For example, the song titled Happy by Parallel Williams is an upbeat song with positive lyrics. Whereas, some really bad rock music can sometimes make you feel angry, depressed, or both. In the Global Post article describing the relationship between music and childrens behavior, Children who listen to heavy metal music have a greater propensity for substance abuse and other risky behaviors during adolescence, according to the American Association of Pediatrics (Wade, 014, Para. ). Studies are finding that desensitizing lyrics with negative messages tend to encourage misbehaver that is violent or anti-social. There is also inspiring music and music that is sad, but helps to heal your heart when dealing with a loved ones passing. Music has also made one feel at peace in their surroundings. Music also makes our bodies move. 2). Studies are finding that desensitizing lyrics with negative messages tend to encourage misbehaving that is violent or anti-social. There is also inspiring music and music that is sad, but helps to heal your heart when dealing with a loved ones passing. Music has also made one feel at peace in their surroundings. Music also makes our bodies move. Research on the effects of music during exercise has been done for hundreds of years. In 1911, an American researcher, Leonard Ares, found that people pedal faster while listening to USIA than they did In silence. This happens because listening to music can drown out our brains cries of fatigue. As our body realizes were tired and wants to stop exercising, it sends signals to the brain to stop for a break. This is mostly beneficial for low- and moderate- intensity exercise (Cooper, 2013). Playing different types of instruments makes our bodies move as well. Listening to music during housework is a great way to move.You can dance very silly and no one is around to see it. Music makes us move. Lastly, music has been used In therapy for hundreds of years. Music therapy can start with castles such as shaking a rhythm shaker egg, maracas, or drumming in beat with others, or it can become an advanced exercise in writing expressive lyrics and singing with a group. The benefit of music helping during a therapeutic procedure is people with brain injuries can activate the brain in alternate ways, allowing them to regain movement or speech.Studies show that people, especially among teens suffering from depression and sadness, when tarring to listen to positive music actually lowers the need for seclude. Also, when children with developmental disabilities, listen to music they love it gives them a fresh new way to communicate and the feeling of being independent. An example of the healing power of music is to watch video a about Henry, an old man who has been living in a nursing home for 10 years. Like some people his age, Henry is suffering from dementia.He forgets things easily and has lost many of his mental the nurses discovered that if they let him listen to his favorite music from the past, e is instantly transformed with life energy, and suddenly able to have conversations Ninth the people around him. Music breathes life into his body and mind. It truly is an amazing example of the healing power of music. In conclusion, music truly has a powerful impact on our lives. It can be therapeutic, make our bodies move, along with stirring our emotions. So what will you be listening to tonight? References: Lilly Joules quote and my thesis.

The Fear of Islam and Muslims Essay Example For Students

The Fear of Islam and Muslims Essay A pregnant Muslim Egyptian woman was stabbed to death in a German courtroom in 2009. The twenty-eight year old German man repeatedly stabbed her sixteen times. She bled to death in front of her child and husband (â€Å"Islamophobia† Global n.p.). Islamophobia is a relatively new term that refers to the fear of Islam and Muslims Some sources also include discrimination and hostility towards Muslims in their definition. Therefore, Islamophobia can be defined as the irrational fear of and hostility towards Islam and Muslims (â€Å"Islamaphobia† Opposing n.p). In a U.S.A Today Poll done in 2007, thirty-nine percent of Americans admitted to feeling some sort of prejudice against Muslims. About the same percentage favored Muslims to carry some sort of ID in order to prevent terrorist attacks. About one in four people said that they would not want to have Muslims as their neighbors (Kumar n.p). However, majority of Americans have seemed to developed better attitudes towards Is lam/Muslims. â€Å"According to an ABC News/Washington Post poll in 2010, 37 percent of Americans had favorable opinions of Islam and Muslims† (â€Å"Islamophobia† Opposing n.p). About sixty percent of Americans surveyed admitted that they weren’t that knowledgeable about Islam. â€Å"It seems that the foundation of Islamophobia, for many, may be a simple lack of information† (â€Å"Islamophobia† Global n.p). Islam has nothing to fear. The media plays one of the major roles in fueling this fear. By portraying horrifying scenes from around the world, the media introduces fear into â€Å"large populations, especially in countries where the average household watches television eight hours a day† (Beuhler n.p). The media seems to excel when covering conflict, especially when it comes to the Islamic world, which is filled with conflicts. The film industry has also been blamed for advancing Islamophobia by portraying Muslims and Arabs as the â€Å"bad guys† in Hollywood and Bollywood movies. Such movies influence how Muslims are viewed. The Hollywood film industry has defended itself by stating that they have avoided using Muslims as the villain since 2001. Similary, Bollywood, the Indian film industry, defended itself by claiming that most of their famous actors are Muslim. (â€Å"Islamaphobia† Opposing n.p) Although Islamophobia has been around longer, the term itself was first used in 1997 when the Runnymede Trust published Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All. The report outlined the common beliefs of all Islamophobes. All of which are entirely false. One of the beliefs of Islamophobes is that Islam is a monolithic religion (Runnymede Trust n.p). They believe that Islam has certain built-in, fixed characteristics that make it violent, anti-democracy etc. and not open to changes. Not only is this idea false, but it also serves as a basis for all other misconceptions. Islam is practiced in numerous countries all over the world. Nearly 1.5 billion people around the world are Muslims. Of these, eighty-five percent are Sunni and fifteen percent are Shiites. Within these two branches are even more different sects. There are several countries whose population is a majority of Muslims. In each of these areas, Islam looks different. As the religion spread, it adopted traditions and customs of the people there. The Sufi Islam practiced in India is very different from the Wahabi Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the belief that is Islam is a monolithic religion is absurd. (Kumar n.p.) â€Å"Like all religions, Islam has adapted† (Kumar n.p). Religious texts may be fixed, yet the thoughts and practices they are made to defend are always changing, based on historical occurrences that are free of religious ideology. Islam isn’t any different compared to other religions. It rose in one situation, amid a trading community in the towns of 7th century Arabia, in the middle of a society organized on a tribal basis. It thrived within the series of great empires. It continues today as the authorized ideology of numerous countries like Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran, Sudan etc. (Kumar n.p.) Although a monolithic religion is nothing to fear, the idea that Islam does not incorporate other values has seemed to cause hostility. However, Islam â€Å"is diverse and progressive, with internal differences, debates and development† (The RunnyMede Trust n.p). Alligators and Crocodiles EssaySimilarly, Christianity rose to power through conquest and conversion. It first spread in the Roman world and then in areas such as, Armenia, Arabia, Europe, Eastern Africa and Central Asia. And this is without the Crusade, or the religious wars. These wars were started by European Christians that was motivated somewhat by religious desire to capture Jerusalem, and to gain wealth. In 1099, the first Crusade, the crusaders murdered almost the whole Muslim population of men, women and children. They burned the Jews to death as well as their places of worship. The same type of violence occurred during the Third Crusade when King Richard beheaded thousands. On the other hand, when Saladin, the king of Egypt, retook Jerusalem, violence and revenge against the crusaders were forbidden. Jews were allowed to rebuild their synagogues with state money given to them. The churches were left untouched. The history of Christianity is just as violent as Islamâ€℠¢s. Therefore, the fear of a religion due to its history of war is irrational. After 9/11, the sales of the Quran increased as Americans sought to find an explanation for 9/11. In contrast, when the â€Å" U.S. bombed and destroyed Afghanistan and Iraq, the people of the Middle East didn’t rush off to buy religious texts to look for explanations of U.S. policies† (Kumar n.p).Why? Since there aren’t any cultural or religious explanation for these wars. No religion or culture is responsible for the action of one person or group. Does anyone know Klebold’s, one Columbine shooters, religion? What about Rudolph, the bomber of the Atlanta Olympics in Georgia. What about the bomber, Kaczynski, in Montana. Or what about the manslaughter of the Tech massacre, Cho, in Virginia? Even with all the media coverage, no one probably knows what their religion was. It was not that important. Yet, everyone knows Nidal Hasans religion. Unlike the rest, his religion seems important. It no more explains his horrifying actions than those shooters who relig ion is not know. The only thing it does is support the surviving belief that Islam is violent. Any violent action done by someone identified as Muslim â€Å"becomes the responsibility of the religion and its 1.3 billion followers† (qtd. in Beuler n.p). Islam has nothing to fear. The belief of Islamophobes, whether it’s fueling their fear or hostility, has occurred due to their lack of knowledge. What most people know comes from the media which is not entirely accurate. Their beliefs that Islam is monolithic, sexist, and violent are invalid. Although a monolithic, sexist religion should cause fear, it could cause hostility. Only a religion’s violence should, which Islam is not. Works Cited Islamophobia. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Islamophobia. Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2014. Global Issues In Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Kumar, Deepa. â€Å"Islam and Islamophobia.† Isreview. March 2007. ISR. Web. 05 Feb. 2014 â€Å"Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All.† Runny Mede Trust. Runny Mede Trust. n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. Kabani. â€Å"WHAT JIHAD IS.† Islamic Supreme Council. Islamic Supreme Council.n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2014.

Barack Obama - Seventh Weekly Transition Address free essay sample

Principle Events in the Evolution of Earths Atmosphere essays

Principle Events in the Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere essays The literal translation of the word atmosphere is "sphere of vapors." The Earth's atmosphere is a protective sphere of vapors or air that surrounds the Earth and provides it with a layer of insulation from the harmful rays of the sun. It is a vital part of the Earth and has changed dramatically since the beginning of time. The earth's atmosphere had gradually changed since the Earth's birth approximately 4.6 million years ago. In the beginning, Earth's composition was very different than how it exists today. A long time ago the Earth's atmosphere was very similar to today's Venus and Mar's atmosphere. It had about 95% carbon dioxide, 2-3% nitrogen, and very little, less than 1% oxygen. Today the Earth contains 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 3% water vapor. It is evident that many events happened over billions of years that have contributed to this change in the Earth's atmosphere. Earth had developed so drastically because of the large amounts of dust and gas cloud within the Milky Way galaxy. The Earth grew larger as huge meteorites hit it, and the surface was covered with dust. Volcanoes began to form and emitted lava, ash, and most importantly gases. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen were released into the atmosphere from the volcanoes. This process is called outgassing and took place within the first million years or so of the Earth's formation. Then, about 4 billion years ago, the planet cool ed, and the outgassed water vapors condensed into clouds. It rained and produced the oceans, and even enough to cover 95% of the Earth. Also, because it rained, there was less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide was lost over billions of years, as the ocean formed there was a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide and water formed carbonic acid. It is shown in the equation CO2 + H2O = H2CO3. The carbonic acid dissolved oceanic rock into sand, silt, and mud. It is evident because of this geochemical process occurre...

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 Literature review

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 - Literature review Example The altarpieces were often funded by the affluent Venetians, therefore the altarpieces, like the chapels that house them, were often meant as a celebration of the affluence and rank of these families. Seidel (1994) states that such patronage could be a family’s way of regaining prominence after it has returned from exile, or could be a way to celebrate enormous prosperity for the family. Humfrey (1994) states that, for instance, Jacopo Bellini’s altarpiece Annunciation was commissioned by the widow of Gattamelata, Giacomo da Leonessa. De Leonessa was closely associated with Donatello and was a patron of Mantegna. As such, she was at the forefront of the Renaissance art in Northeastern Italy, and she wanted her altarpieces to be as up to date as these other pieces. This meant that Jacopo Bellini would have had specific terms for his commission to construct the Annunciation. Rubin (1994) states that the subject of the painting was not usually left to the artist, but, rather, was decided by the patrons before the artist even begun working. The subject was decided before the artist was even chosen. The patrons would usually decide what it was that they were trying to convey, and calculated their needs and budget for the work accordingly. The patrons then set out to find a master to carry out their designs. The wills, bequests, and donations for these altarpieces usually stipulated that the paintings be carried out by a famous or skilled master. The painter could, however, embellish the painting as he saw as being necessary – for instance, the painter, such as Perugino, would add angels, ornaments and extra heads. However, these artists were not invented, so much as they were ornamenting or filling in the blanks for the patrons. It was all very workmanlike, according to Muraro (1994), in that the artist or the artist’s house would sign a detai led contract that would dictate which patron saints would be depicted, the time that would be allotted for the painting to be completed, the day for delivery of the painting, the information about arbitration in cases of dispute, and the forms of payment.